1. Defining a robot

Before we can definitively categorize robots past, present, and future, it is critical that we first define what a robot is. The definition of a robot varies depending on whether you ask a roboticist, a science fiction author, or a member of the public.

However, here a robot is defined in simple yet robust language that considers its origin, design, and future capabilities.

A robot is an artificial material construct designed to autonomously sense, decide, and operate within the physical world.

Let’s break down each section further.

“A robot is an artificial material...”

"Artificial" means not naturally or biologically occurring.

“...artificial material construct designed to…”

“Material construct” refers to any mechanical or non-mechanical physical entity that has been constructed. This covers traditional metals and plastics to potential novel synthetic materials. It is an inclusive definition that includes virtual robotic entities or AI programs that interface within physical environments or housings.

“…material construct designed to autonomously…”

“Designed” indicates intentional creation with specific functionalities in mind. This phrase underscores that robots are the result of deliberate planning and engineering.

“…to autonomously sense, decide, and…”

“Autonomously” means to act independently without the need for human guidance or frequent intervention. Autonomy in robots involves self-regulation, decision-making, and adaptation to changing circumstances.

“…autonomously sense, decide and operate within…”

“Sense” refers to the robot’s ability to gather and perceive information from its surroundings using sensors or sensory inputs. “Decide” implies processing the sensory information to make determinations and actions. “Operate” means performing actions based on the decisions made, involving movement, manipulation, or other forms of interaction. The ability for a robot to decide is what differentiates it from a machine.

“…operate within the physical world.”

The “physical world” refers to the realm of tangible, measurable dimensions of reality. This includes any spatial environment where physical laws apply, such as on Earth or in outer space. It encompasses all areas where a robot can physically exist and interact.